各位靓仔靓女,晚上好!我是你们今晚的 Vue 源码解说员,咱们今天聊聊 Vue 3 里的 Custom Renderer,也就是自定义渲染器。 保证听完,你也能对着源码吹几句“这玩意儿,我熟!”
一、为啥需要自定义渲染器?(场景假设)
首先,咱们得明白,Vue 默认是为浏览器准备的,它会把你的组件变成 DOM 元素,然后塞到网页里。但是,世界这么大,总有些奇奇怪怪的需求冒出来。
- 小程序: 微信小程序、支付宝小程序,它们用的不是 HTML,而是一套自己的组件系统。
- Native APP: 使用 Weex、NativeScript 等技术,想把 Vue 组件渲染成原生的 iOS 或 Android 控件。
- 服务端渲染(SSR): 在服务器上就把 HTML 生成好,直接返回给浏览器,提升首屏加载速度。
- Canvas 游戏: 用 Vue 的组件化思想组织游戏界面,但实际上是用 Canvas API 来绘制。
- 命令行界面(CLI): 用 Vue 的组件化方式构建命令行应用的界面。
这些场景,浏览器的那一套 DOM 操作就行不通了。这时候,就需要自定义渲染器,告诉 Vue:“嘿,哥们,别往 DOM 里折腾了,按我的规矩来!”
二、自定义渲染器的核心思想:解耦与抽象
Vue 的核心思想是声明式渲染,也就是你只需要描述你的数据和界面,Vue 负责把它们同步起来。自定义渲染器,就是把这个“同步”的过程解耦出来,让你可以自由地定义渲染的目标。
简单来说,Vue 负责管理组件的状态和生命周期,而渲染器负责把这些状态转化为具体的界面元素。
三、Custom Renderer 的源码入口点:createRenderer
Vue 3 提供了一个 createRenderer
函数,它接受一组渲染选项,返回一个渲染器实例。这就是自定义渲染器的入口点。
// packages/runtime-core/src/renderer.ts
import {
createHydrationFunctions,
HydrationRenderer,
HydrationRenderOptions
} from './hydration'
import {
ComponentInternalInstance,
createComponentInstance,
setupComponent
} from './component'
import {
VNode,
normalizeVNode,
createVNode,
InternalObjectKey,
Fragment,
Text,
Comment,
Static,
VNodeArrayChildren,
Directives,
isVNode
} from './vnode'
import {
RendererOptions,
RootRenderFunction,
CreateAppFunction,
compatUtils
} from './baseRender'
import { ReactiveEffect } from '@vue/reactivity'
import { warn } from './warning'
import {
isString,
isFunction,
isArray,
isPromise,
isObject,
ShapeFlags,
extend,
invokeArrayFns,
def,
SlotFlags,
isArrayChildren,
Mutable,
PatchFlags,
isTeleport,
optimizedPatchFlagNames,
stringifyStatic,
normalizeClass,
normalizeStyle,
EMPTY_OBJ,
hasOwn
} from '@vue/shared'
import { queueJob, queuePostRenderEffect } from './scheduler'
import { pushWarningContext, popWarningContext } from './warning'
import { startMeasure, endMeasure } from './profiling'
import { setRef } from './helpers/ref'
import {
registerHMR,
invalidateHMROpCache,
rerender
} from './hmr'
import { callWithAsyncErrorHandling, ErrorCodes } from './errorHandling'
import { TeleportImpl, moveTeleport, processTeleport } from './components/Teleport'
import { SuspenseImpl, processSuspense } from './components/Suspense'
import { KeepAliveImpl } from './components/KeepAlive'
import {
devtoolsComponentAdded,
devtoolsComponentUpdated,
devtoolsComponentRemoved,
devtoolsComponentEmit
} from './devtools'
import { TransitionHooks, getTransitionHooks } from './components/BaseTransition'
import { setInstanceState, SyncFlags } from './componentOptions'
import { setLastElement } from './components/Transition'
// 创建渲染器,接收渲染选项
export function createRenderer<HostNode, HostElement>(
options: RendererOptions<HostNode, HostElement>
) {
return baseCreateRenderer<HostNode, HostElement>(options)
}
// 基创建渲染器,包含实际的渲染逻辑
function baseCreateRenderer<HostNode, HostElement>(
options: RendererOptions<HostNode, HostElement>,
createHydrateFunction?: (
options: RendererOptions<HostNode, HostElement>
) => HydrationRenderer
): any { // 返回值类型很复杂,这里简化为 any
const {
insert: hostInsert,
remove: hostRemove,
patchProp: hostPatchProp,
createElement: hostCreateElement,
createText: hostCreateText,
createComment: hostCreateComment,
setText: hostSetText,
setElementText: hostSetElementText,
parentNode: hostParentNode,
nextSibling: hostNextSibling,
querySelector: hostQuerySelector,
setScopeId: hostSetScopeId,
cloneNode: hostCloneNode,
insertStaticContent: hostInsertStaticContent
} = options
// ... (省略大量的渲染逻辑) ...
const render: RootRenderFunction = (vnode, container) => {
// ... (渲染逻辑) ...
}
return {
render,
createApp: createAppAPI(render, hydrate)
}
}
createRenderer
接收一个 RendererOptions
对象,这个对象定义了一系列底层操作,比如创建元素、插入元素、更新属性等等。 你需要根据你的目标平台,实现这些操作。
四、RendererOptions
:渲染选项的灵魂
RendererOptions
是一个接口,定义了 Vue 渲染器需要的一些底层操作。 你需要根据你的目标平台,实现这些操作。
// packages/runtime-core/src/baseRender.ts
export interface RendererOptions<HostNode = any, HostElement = any> {
/**
* 为给定的标签创建一个元素。
*/
createElement: (
type: string,
isSVG?: boolean,
isCustomizedBuiltIn?: string,
vnodeProps?: (VNodeProps & { [key: string]: any }) | null
) => HostElement
/**
* 创建一个文本节点。
*/
createText: (text: string) => HostNode
/**
* 创建一个注释节点。
*/
createComment: (text: string) => HostNode
/**
* 将节点插入到父节点中指定锚点的前面。
*/
insert: (
el: HostNode,
parent: HostElement,
anchor?: HostNode | null
) => void
/**
* 移除一个节点。
*/
remove: (el: HostNode) => void
/**
* 为元素设置文本内容。
*/
setText: (node: HostNode, text: string) => void
/**
* 为元素设置文本内容。
*/
setElementText: (el: HostElement, text: string) => void
/**
* 获取父节点。
*/
parentNode: (node: HostNode) => HostElement | null
/**
* 获取下一个兄弟节点。
*/
nextSibling: (node: HostNode) => HostNode | null
/**
* 使用选择器查询元素。
*/
querySelector?: (selector: string) => HostElement | undefined | null
/**
* 设置作用域 ID (SSR)。
*/
setScopeId?: (el: HostElement, id: string) => void
/**
* 克隆节点。
*/
cloneNode?: (node: HostNode) => HostNode
/**
* 插入静态内容。
*/
insertStaticContent?: (
content: string,
container: HostElement,
anchor: HostNode | null,
isSVG: boolean,
start?: number,
end?: number
) => [HostNode, HostNode] | void
/**
* 补丁属性。
*/
patchProp: (
el: HostElement,
key: string,
prevValue: any,
nextValue: any,
isSVG?: boolean,
prevChildren?: VNode<HostNode, HostElement>[],
nextChildren?: VNode<HostNode, HostElement>[],
parentComponent?: ComponentInternalInstance | null,
unmountChildren?: UnmountChildrenFn
) => void
// ... 其他选项 ...
}
简单来说,这些选项就是 Vue 操作目标平台的基础指令集。 你告诉 Vue 怎么创建元素、怎么插入元素、怎么更新属性,Vue 就能按照你的指示,把组件渲染到目标平台上。
五、一个简单的 Canvas 渲染器示例
咱们来写一个简单的 Canvas 渲染器,把 Vue 组件渲染到 Canvas 上。
1. 定义 RendererOptions
// canvasRenderer.ts
interface CanvasNode {
type: string;
props: Record<string, any>;
children: CanvasNode[];
x: number;
y: number;
width: number;
height: number;
text?: string;
}
interface CanvasElement extends CanvasNode {}
const canvasRendererOptions = {
createElement: (type: string) => {
const node: CanvasNode = {
type,
props: {},
children: [],
x: 0,
y: 0,
width: 0,
height: 0,
};
return node;
},
createText: (text: string) => {
const node: CanvasNode = {
type: 'TEXT',
props: {},
children: [],
x: 0,
y: 0,
width: 0,
height: 0,
text: text,
};
return node;
},
createComment: (text: string) => {
return { type: 'COMMENT', props: {}, children: [], x: 0, y: 0, width: 0, height: 0, text };
},
insert: (el: CanvasNode, parent: CanvasElement, anchor: CanvasNode | null = null) => {
if (anchor) {
const index = parent.children.indexOf(anchor);
if (index !== -1) {
parent.children.splice(index, 0, el);
} else {
parent.children.push(el);
}
} else {
parent.children.push(el);
}
},
remove: (el: CanvasNode) => {
// TODO: Implement remove logic
},
patchProp: (el: CanvasElement, key: string, prevValue: any, nextValue: any) => {
el.props[key] = nextValue;
if (key === 'x') {
el.x = Number(nextValue);
} else if (key === 'y') {
el.y = Number(nextValue);
} else if (key === 'width') {
el.width = Number(nextValue);
} else if (key === 'height') {
el.height = Number(nextValue);
}
},
setText: (node: CanvasNode, text: string) => {
node.text = text;
},
setElementText: (el: CanvasElement, text: string) => {
// TODO: Implement setElementText logic
},
parentNode: (node: CanvasNode) => {
// TODO: Implement parentNode logic
return null;
},
nextSibling: (node: CanvasNode) => {
// TODO: Implement nextSibling logic
return null;
},
};
export { canvasRendererOptions };
export type { CanvasElement, CanvasNode };
2. 创建渲染器实例
// main.ts
import { createApp } from 'vue';
import App from './App.vue';
import { createRenderer } from 'vue';
import { canvasRendererOptions } from './canvasRenderer';
const renderer = createRenderer(canvasRendererOptions);
const app = createApp(App);
app.mount('#app'); // 这里 '#app' 只是一个占位符,实际上不会操作 DOM
3. 编写 Vue 组件
// App.vue
<template>
<div :x="x" :y="y" :width="width" :height="height" style="border: 1px solid black;">
Hello, Canvas!
<p :x="x + 10" :y="y + 20">This is a paragraph.</p>
</div>
</template>
<script>
import { ref, onMounted } from 'vue';
import {CanvasElement} from './canvasRenderer';
export default {
setup() {
const x = ref(50);
const y = ref(50);
const width = ref(200);
const height = ref(100);
onMounted(() => {
const canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas') as HTMLCanvasElement;
const ctx = canvas.getContext('2d');
const renderCanvas = (node: CanvasElement) => {
if (!ctx) {
console.error('Canvas context not available');
return;
}
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, canvas.width, canvas.height);
const drawNode = (node: CanvasElement) => {
if (node.type === 'TEXT' && node.text) {
ctx.fillText(node.text, node.x, node.y);
} else if (node.type !== 'COMMENT') {
ctx.strokeRect(node.x, node.y, node.width, node.height);
node.children.forEach(drawNode);
}
};
drawNode(app._instance?.vnode.el as CanvasElement);
};
// 监听 Vue 组件的变化,重新渲染 Canvas
app._instance?.watchEffect(() => {
renderCanvas(app._instance?.vnode.el as CanvasElement);
});
});
return { x, y, width, height };
}
};
</script>
<style scoped>
#myCanvas {
border: 1px solid red;
}
</style>
4. HTML 结构
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Vue Canvas Renderer</title>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="400" height="300"></canvas>
<div id="app"></div>
<script src="/path/to/vue.global.js"></script>
<script src="/path/to/main.js"></script>
</body>
</html>
重点解释:
canvasRendererOptions
里的函数,定义了 Vue 如何操作 Canvas。App.vue
里的:x
,:y
,:width
,:height
绑定了 Canvas 元素的属性。app._instance?.watchEffect
监听了 Vue 组件的变化,一旦组件的状态改变,就重新渲染 Canvas。- 我们 hack 了 Vue 实例,访问了
app._instance?.vnode.el
来拿到 Canvas 渲染出来的虚拟节点树。 (注意:这是一个 hack,正式项目不要这么干,这玩意儿随时可能变!)
六、源码分析:patch
函数
自定义渲染器的核心逻辑,都在 patch
函数里。 patch
函数会比较新旧 VNode,然后根据差异,调用 RendererOptions
里的函数,更新目标平台上的元素。
// packages/runtime-core/src/renderer.ts
const patch: PatchFn = (
n1,
n2,
container,
anchor = null,
parentComponent = null,
parentSuspense = null,
isSVG = false,
optimized = false,
internals = sharedInternals,
scopeId = null
) => {
// ... (省略大量的 VNode 类型判断和处理逻辑) ...
switch (n2.type) {
case Fragment:
processFragment(
n1,
n2,
container,
anchor,
parentComponent,
parentSuspense,
isSVG,
optimized,
internals,
scopeId
)
break
case Text:
processText(n1, n2, container, anchor)
break
case Comment:
processCommentNode(n1, n2, container, anchor)
break
case Static:
if (n1 == null) {
mountStaticNode(n2, container, anchor, isSVG)
} else if (__DEV__) {
patchStaticNode(n1, n2, container, isSVG)
}
break
case TeleportImpl:
processTeleport(
n1,
n2,
container,
anchor,
parentComponent,
parentSuspense,
isSVG,
optimized,
internals,
scopeId
)
break
case SuspenseImpl:
processSuspense(
n1,
n2,
container,
anchor,
parentComponent,
parentSuspense,
isSVG,
optimized,
internals,
scopeId
)
break
default:
if (isString(n2.type)) {
// 处理普通元素
processElement(
n1,
n2,
container,
anchor,
parentComponent,
parentSuspense,
isSVG,
optimized,
internals,
scopeId
)
} else if (isObject(n2.type)) {
if (isTeleport(n2.type)) {
processTeleport(
n1,
n2,
container,
anchor,
parentComponent,
parentSuspense,
isSVG,
optimized,
internals,
scopeId
)
} else if (isSuspense(n2.type)) {
processSuspense(
n1,
n2,
container,
anchor,
parentComponent,
parentSuspense,
isSVG,
optimized,
internals,
scopeId
)
} else {
// 处理组件
processComponent(
n1,
n2,
container,
anchor,
parentComponent,
parentSuspense,
isSVG,
optimized,
internals,
scopeId
)
}
} else if (isFunction(n2.type) && (__FEATURE_SUSPENSE__ || !n2.type.props?.renderError)) {
// 处理函数式组件
processComponent(
n1,
n2,
container,
anchor,
parentComponent,
parentSuspense,
isSVG,
optimized,
internals,
scopeId
)
} else {
if (__DEV__) {
warn('Invalid VNode type:', n2.type, `(${typeof n2.type})`)
}
}
}
}
// packages/runtime-core/src/renderer.ts
const processElement = (
n1: VNode | null,
n2: VNode,
container: RendererElement,
anchor: RendererNode | null,
parentComponent: ComponentInternalInstance | null,
parentSuspense: SuspenseBoundary | null,
isSVG: boolean,
optimized: boolean,
internals: RendererInternals,
scopeId: string | null
) => {
if (n1 == null) {
// 挂载新元素
mountElement(
n2,
container,
anchor,
parentComponent,
parentSuspense,
isSVG,
optimized,
internals,
scopeId
)
} else {
// 更新现有元素
patchElement(
n1,
n2,
parentComponent,
parentSuspense,
isSVG,
optimized,
internals,
scopeId
)
}
}
patch
函数会根据 VNode 的类型,调用不同的处理函数,比如 processElement
处理普通元素,processComponent
处理组件。
在 processElement
函数里,会判断是挂载新元素,还是更新现有元素。 如果是更新现有元素,就会调用 patchElement
函数,比较新旧 VNode 的属性,然后调用 hostPatchProp
函数,更新目标平台上的属性。
七、createAppAPI
:创建应用的 API
createRenderer
函数返回一个对象,包含 render
函数和 createApp
函数。 createApp
函数用于创建 Vue 应用实例,它会把你的根组件渲染到指定的容器里。
// packages/runtime-core/src/baseRender.ts
export function createAppAPI<HostNode, HostElement>(
render: RootRenderFunction<HostNode, HostElement>,
hydrate?: HydrateFn<HostNode, HostElement>
): CreateAppFunction<HostElement> {
return function createApp(rootComponent: any, rootProps: any = null) {
if (rootProps != null && !isObject(rootProps)) {
__DEV__ && warn(`root props passed to app.mount() must be an object.`)
rootProps = null
}
const context = createAppContext()
const installScope = effectScope(true)
let isMounted = false
const app: App<HostElement> = {
_uid: uid++,
_component: rootComponent as ConcreteComponent,
_props: rootProps,
_container: null,
_context: context,
_instance: null,
_scope: installScope,
version,
get config() {
return context.config
},
set config(v) {
if (__DEV__) {
warn(
`app.config cannot be replaced. Modify individual options instead.`
)
}
},
use(plugin: Plugin, ...options: any[]) {
if (isInstalled(plugin)) {
__DEV__ && warn(`Plugin has already been applied to target app.`)
return app
}
if (isFunction(plugin)) {
plugin(app, ...options)
} else if (isObject(plugin) && isFunction(plugin.install)) {
plugin.install(app, ...options)
} else if (__DEV__) {
warn(
`A plugin must either be a function or an object with an "install" ` +
`function.`
)
}
installedPlugins.add(plugin)
return app
},
mixin(mixin: ComponentOptions) {
if (__FEATURE_OPTIONS_API__) {
if (!context.mixins.includes(mixin)) {
context.mixins.push(mixin)
}
} else if (__DEV__) {
warn(`app.mixin() is only available in builds that support options API`)
}
return app
},
component(name: string, component: Component): App<HostElement> {
if (__DEV__ && context.components[name]) {
warn(`Component "${name}" has already been registered in the app.`)
}
context.components[name] = component
return app
},
directive(name: string, directive: Directive) {
if (__DEV__ && context.directives[name]) {
warn(`Directive "${name}" has already been registered in the app.`)
}
context.directives[name] = directive
return app
},
mount(
rootContainer: HostElement | string,
isHydrate?: boolean,
isSVG?: boolean
): any {
if (!isMounted) {
// ... (挂载逻辑) ...
isMounted = true
app._container = rootContainer as any
// for HMR purpose, the root element is also exposed on the app instance
// this is technically not correct since it's only available after
// mount() is called, but the devtools relies on it.
;(rootContainer as any).__vue_app__ = app
if (rootComponent) {
// 3. Create root vnode.
if (!isFunction(rootComponent)) {
rootComponent = extend({}, rootComponent)
}
if (__COMPAT__) {
isCompatEnabled()
if (
!isCompatValid(
DeprecationTypes.APP_ROOT_API,
rootComponent.__name,
rootComponent
)
) {
return
}
}
const vnode = createVNode(
rootComponent as ConcreteComponent,
rootProps
)
// store app context on the root VNode.
// this will be set on the root instance on initial mount.
vnode.appContext = context
// HMR root binding
if (__DEV__) {
context.reload = () => {
render(null, rootContainer)
render(createVNode(rootComponent as ConcreteComponent, rootProps), rootContainer)
}
}
if (isHydrate && hydrate) {
hydrate(vnode as any, rootContainer as any)
} else {
// 调用 render 函数,把根组件渲染到容器里
render(vnode, rootContainer as any, isSVG)
}
app._instance = vnode.component as ComponentInternalInstance
}
} else if (__DEV__) {
warn(
`App has already been mounted.n` +
`If you want to remount the same app, unmount it first by calling ` +
`app.unmount().`
)
}
return app
},
unmount() {
if (isMounted) {
render(null, app._container)
if (__DEV__) {
;(app._container as any).__vue_app__ = null
}
} else if (__DEV__) {
warn(`Cannot unmount app before mount().`)
}
},
provide(key: InjectionKey<any> | string, value: any) {
if (__DEV__ && (key as string | symbol) in context.provides) {
warn(
`App already provides property with key "${String(key)}". ` +
`It will be overwritten with the new value.`
)
}
context.provides[key as string | symbol] = value
return app
}
}
return app
}
}
createAppAPI
返回一个 createApp
函数,这个函数接收根组件和根 props,返回一个 Vue 应用实例。 应用实例提供了 mount
函数,用于把根组件渲染到指定的容器里。
在 mount
函数里,会创建根 VNode,然后调用 render
函数,把根 VNode 渲染到容器里。
八、总结
自定义渲染器是 Vue 3 强大的扩展机制,它允许你把 Vue 组件渲染到任何目标平台上。
createRenderer
: 创建渲染器实例的入口点。RendererOptions
: 定义底层操作的接口,你需要根据目标平台实现这些操作。patch
: 比较新旧 VNode,更新目标平台上的元素。createAppAPI
: 创建 Vue 应用实例的 API。
通过自定义渲染器,你可以把 Vue 的组件化思想应用到更广泛的领域,创造出更多有趣的应用。
九、思考题
- 如何实现一个基于 WebGL 的 Vue 渲染器?
- 如何优化自定义渲染器的性能?
- 自定义渲染器在服务端渲染(SSR)中扮演什么角色?
今天的分享就到这里,希望大家有所收获! 咱们下回再见!